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Tropical and Travel Diseases - Page 2
Occurrence and Risk
per Country
- Cholera:
Active. (vaccination might be required for on-going travel to Latin America)
- Malaria:
Highest risk in Central America.
(96% P. vivax; 2.9% P. falciparum; occasional P. Malariae). Location: everywhere
but highest in Cayo district. Resistance: none to Chloroquine (information
might be outdated)
- Hepatitis:
Active
- Dengue fever: Moderate risks everywhere
- Rabies: Low risk
- Amebiasis and giardiasis:
Low incidence
- Chagas disease: endemic in Cayo district
- Other diseases: cutaneous myasis (caused
by larvae of the human bot fly); brucellosis; cysticercosis; histoplasmosis
(outbreaks associated with guano in bat caves); leptospirosis;
tuberculosis (low incidence); typhoid fever (few officially reported cases);
intestinal helminthic infections (parasitic worm); encephalitis.
- Yellow
Fever: None reported but vaccination recommended for rural areas
- Cholera: Active.
(vaccination might be required for on-going travel to Latin America)
- Malaria: Risk year
around. (98% P. vivax; but 10% P. Falciparum along Nicaraguan border
and Caribbean region). Resistance: none to Chloroquine (information might
be outdated)
- Hepatitis: Active
- Dengue fever: Active.
Prevent mosquito bites
- Leishmaniasis: cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis widespread in rural areas.
Prevent sandfly bites
- Rabies: Highest risk of dog rabies in all
Central America
- Chagas disease: Risk especially in the south, particularly in the Tegucigalpa area. (In
endemic area up to 24% of population is seropositive)
- Other diseases: Brucellosis (limited risks in cattle farming areas); cysticercosis;
coccidiomycosis; histoplasmosis (outbreaks associated with guano in bat caves);
leptospirosis;
cutaneous myasis (caused by larvae of the human bot fly); measles; syphilis;
AIDS (high for Central America); tuberculosis (low incidence);
typhoid fever; strongyloidiasis and other helminthic infections (parasitic
worm); typhus reported.
Occurrence and Risk of Diseases in Nicaragua
- Yellow Fever:
Not reported but vaccination recommended for rural areas
- Cholera: Active.
(vaccination might be required for on-going travel to Latin America)
- Malaria: Risk
year around. (95% P. vivax; the rest is P. Falciparum). Resistance:
none to Chloroquine (information might be outdated)
- Hepatitis:
Active
- Dengue fever:
Active. (Dengue hemorrhagic fever also occurs).
Prevent mosquito bites
- Leishmaniasis: cutaneous leishmaniasis reported especialy in forested areas and west
coast. Prevent sandfly bites
- Rabies:
Very low risk (4 per year reported)
- Chagas disease:
Some reported cses, especially in Atlantic coastal region
- leptospirosis:
Outbreak reported in 95 (with fatalities due to pulmonary hemorrhage)
- Other diseases: Abdominal angiostrongyliasis; brucellosis;
coccidiomycosis; filariasis; measles;
diphtheria; syphilis; AIDS (low incidence); tuberculosis; strongyloidiasis
and other helminthic infections (parasitic worm); encephalitis; influenza.
- Yellow Fever:
Not reported but vaccination recommended for rural areas
- Cholera: Active.
(vaccination might be required for on-going travel to Latin America)
- Malaria:
Risk year around, increased during rainy season, May-November. 70%
of cases on Atlantic coast. (97% P. vivax; the rest is P. Falciparum). Resistance:
none to Chloroquine (information might be outdated)
- Hepatitis:
Active
- Dengue fever:
Low risk (highest in Pacific area during rainy season). (Dengue hemorrhagic
fever also occurs). Prevent mosquito bites
- Leishmaniasis:
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is focally endemic, especially from May-July. Prevent
sandfly bites
- Other diseases: Chagas
disease (low risk); encephalitis; cysticercosis; brucellosis;
filariasis (from blackfly); rabies; measles;
tuberculosis; strongyloidiasis and other helminthic infections (parasitic
worm); tic-borne rickettsioses; leptospirosis;
paragonimiasis (oriental lung fluke).
- Yellow Fever:
Not reported but vaccination recommended for rural areas. (especially recommended
for Darien)
- Cholera:
Active. (vaccination might
be required for on-going travel to Latin America)
- Malaria:
Risk year around, especially in Darien and Kuna Yala (San Blas
Isl.) (Mainly P. vivax; 6% to 28% is P. Falciparum). Resistance: Some resistance
to Chloroquine. Use Mefloquine or Doxycycline (information might be outdated)
- Hepatitis:
Active
- Dengue fever:
Low risk. (hemorrhagic fever also occurs). Prevent mosquito bites
- Leishmaniasis:
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is reported. Prevent sandfly bites
- Chagas disease:
Reported
- typhoid fever: Common
- Amoebi and bacillary dysenteries and other
diarrheal diseases: Very common
- Other diseases: Amebiasis
(endemic); giardisis
(25% of Panama city food handlers infected with G. Lamblia); cysticercosis;
filariasis;
histoplasmosis (outbreaks associated with guano in bat caves);
rabies;
leptospirosis;
measles; tuberculosis; strongyloidiasis;
tic-borne rickettsioses; viral encephilitis;
toxoplasmosis (from cat feces); influenza.